![\"\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2](\"https:\/\/www.wrapfilmtest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Tensile-Testing-of-Polymers-Understanding-ASTM-D638-for-Plastic-Material-Testing.webp\")
<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\u03a4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ae\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03b1\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ae\u03b8\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1<\/strong>, \u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 (\u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af). \u039f \u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03ce\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ae \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u039f\u03b9 \u03ba\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc \u03b1\u03cd\u03be\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae<\/strong>: \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\nASTM D638: \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
ASTM D638<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 ASTM D638<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0394\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b1<\/strong> \u03ae \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2, \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc. \u03a4\u03bf \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03ae \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>: ASTM D638 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03c1\u03b5\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u039c\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc \u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03b3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c7\u03c1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf. \u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong> \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u03a4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ad\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03b1\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c1\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf ASTM D638 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c7\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong>: \u039c\u03af\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong>, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c7\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae<\/strong>: \u03a4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c9\u03c0\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1. \u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong>: \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong>, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c8\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bf\u03bb\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n1. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u039f \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong> \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9. \u0397 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong> \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03c7\u03bd\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ae \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. \u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u039f \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1. \u03a0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03bb\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03b7 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, \u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac \u03ae \u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b7 \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bf \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ad\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3. \u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u0395\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7<\/strong> \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf \u03b2\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03cc \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u039c\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b9\u03bf \u03b5\u03cd\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03c4\u03bf \u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03b5\u03c2 stretch \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0395\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1, \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong> \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03bf \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03bf\u03bb\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0395\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n1. \u0392\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03a3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03bc\u03b7<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae<\/strong> \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1. \u0397 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03be\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b4\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2. \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c3\u03c5\u03b3\u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03b1 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd<\/strong> \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n2. \u0399\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03cc\u03c7\u03b9 \u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf \u03b9\u03c3\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1. \u03a4\u03bf \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong> \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03ae \u03b4\u03b5\u03bd \u03b8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03b8\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ae \u03cc\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2<\/strong> \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03c6\u03bb\u03ad\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03ad\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ae \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03af\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03af \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03af\u03b1. \u0393\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac<\/strong> \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03be\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bf\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ae \u03b1\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c3\u03b7 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1, \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c8\u03b7<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd<\/strong> \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b7 ASTM D638<\/strong>, \u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03af\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong>, \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0395\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>, \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2<\/strong>, \u03ae \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b1<\/strong>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. \u039c\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7 \u0395\u03be\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong>, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Cell Instruments<\/strong>, \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03ca\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c5\u03c8\u03b7\u03bb\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03cd\u03c0\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n\u03a3\u03a5\u03a7\u039d\u0388\u03a3 \u0395\u03a1\u03a9\u03a4\u0389\u03a3\u0395\u0399\u03a3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
1.\u03a0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0391\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong> \u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af \u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ad\u03be\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03b5\u03bd\u03ce \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9. \u0391\u03c5\u03c4\u03ae \u03b7 \u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03b3\u03ad\u03c2, \u03cc\u03c0\u03c9\u03c2 \u03b7 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03b1, \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03be\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03ad\u03c2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n2.\u03a3\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 ASTM D638;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\u039f ASTM D638<\/strong> \u0397 \u03c4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03cc\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03ae \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd. \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae \u03c3\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc<\/strong>, \u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03bf\u03ae\u03c2<\/strong>, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae\u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf<\/strong> \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf, \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc \u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n3.\u0393\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03af \u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03bf\u03b9 \u03b4\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\u0394\u03bf\u03ba\u03b9\u03bc\u03ae \u03b5\u03c6\u03b5\u03bb\u03ba\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd<\/strong> \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b8\u03ac \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03af\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03b5\u03af\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd 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